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Difference between revisions of "Compressor block"

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__TOC__
 
__TOC__
[[image:Compressor block.PNG|300px]]
 
 
=Available on which products=
 
=Available on which products=
  
 
* '''Axe-Fx III''': 4 blocks
 
* '''Axe-Fx III''': 4 blocks
* '''FM3''': 2 blocks
+
* '''FM3''', '''FM9''': 2 blocks
* '''FM9''': 2 blocks
+
* '''Axe-Fx II''', '''FX8''': 2 blocks
* '''Axe-Fx II''': 2 blocks
 
* '''FX8''': 2 blocks
 
 
* '''AX8''': 1 block
 
* '''AX8''': 1 block
  
=Channels or X/Y switching=
+
=Channels or X/Y=
  
* '''Axe-Fx III''' and '''FM3''' and '''FM9''': 4 channels
+
* '''Axe-Fx III''', '''FM3''', '''FM9''': 4 channels
* '''Axe-Fx II''': X/Y
+
* '''Axe-Fx II''', '''FX8''', '''AX8''': X/Y
* '''FX8''': X/Y
 
* '''AX8''': X/Y
 
  
 
There's no MIDI CC available for X/Y switching on the Axe-Fx II XL/XL+.
 
There's no MIDI CC available for X/Y switching on the Axe-Fx II XL/XL+.
  
=Compressor block developments=
+
=Compressor block diagram=
  
* The old RMS detector has been removed. "RMS" is the same as "Fast RMS" in the AX8 and Axe-Fx II.
+
[[image:Compressor block.PNG|300px]]
* An "E-L Panel" mode has been added to the optical compressor.
+
=Compressor types=
* There's a single optical type.
 
* The Studio Compressor has been changed; the threshold has been calibrated and its range has been adjusted.
 
* EQ-ing tools haven been added.
 
* Additional compressor types include Tube, DynamiComp, JFET and new Studio Compressor types.
 
  
Firmware 12.07:
+
; Analog Compressor : Natural soft-knee response, capturing the vibe of the classic compressors of the 70s and 80s.
* Improved Compressor block. The RMS detector type has been improved resulting in smoother decay. The Auto Attack/Release algorithm has been improved resulting in less “chatter” when using low attack and/or release times. The Tube Compressor and Analog Compressor types now support RMS+Peak detector mode. A new knee shape algorithm in the Studio Compressor has been implemented resulting in a more musical tangential response like that of classic analog compressors.
+
; Analog Sustainer : The same with upwards compression.
  
Firmware 12.08:
+
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
* Decreased minimum Attack Time of Compressor block to 0.1 ms.
+
<blockquote>
* Added JFET Compressor type.
+
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-firmware-version-21-02-public-beta-beta-2.191173/post-2376038]
* Added three new Studio Compressor types. Studio FF Compressor 2 is similar to Studio FF Compressor 1 (formerly called Studio Compressor) except that it is an “upwards compressor” as opposed to a downwards compressor. Studio FB Compressor 1 and 2 are feedback compressors with downwards and upwards compression respectively. As these are feedback compressors, they yield a different sound than a feedforward compressor commonly referred to as “fat” with smoother dynamics. Note that nature of feedback compressors can result in distortion at extreme control settings (fast attack/release, high ratio, etc.). It is therefore recommended to set Auto Att/Rel to ON in these instances.
+
Upwards compressors INCREASE gain. Downwards compressors DECREASE gain.
 +
</blockquote>
  
Firmware 17.01:
+
<blockquote>
* Increased maximum sustain for the applicable types in the Compressor block. Existing presets are automatically updated.
+
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-firmware-version-21-02-public-beta-beta-2.191173/post-2375817]
 +
A sustainer is an upwards compressor. It increases gain when the signal is below the threshold. Therefore it will increase noise. You may want to use a gate to kill the noise.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
  
The Threshold parameter has been removed from the Pedal 1, Pedal 2, Dynamicomp and JFET compressor types in firmware 17.01 and later.
+
; Compander : The Transients control adjusts the transient modification. Values less than zero soften the attack, value greater than zero emphasize the attack.
  
Firmware 18 for the Axe-Fx III (FM9 and FM3 followed):
+
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
 +
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-iii-firmware-release-version-16-03.174033/post-2109538]
 +
A Compander is a compressor followed by an expander. If the time constant of the compressor and expander are the same (and the "channel" is perfect, i.e. linear and lossless) then a Compander is transparent. If you change the time constant of one vs. the other the transients will become distorted. The "Transients" knob controls the time constant mismatch. Negative values smooth the transients, positive values enhance the transients. A Compander with transient enhancement can be used on kick drums, bass, etc. to add punch. Transient reduction can be used to reduce plosives. For guitar you can use the Compander to add or remove pick attack.
 +
</blockquote>
  
 
<blockquote>
 
<blockquote>
* Improved Auto-Makeup gain behavior.
+
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/delay-block-update.173708/post-2104201]
* Added Input Level switch. When set to INSTRUMENT the detector is optimized for guitar-level signals, i.e., before an amp block. When set to LINE the detector is optimized for post-amp level signals.
+
The first step in adding compansion to the delay block was creating a compander algorithm. So I created a Compander type first in the Compressor block. Once that was working I used that algorithm in the Delay block. The Compander allows you to set the Ratio, Time, Transients and Level. Turn Transients down and the attack is reduced, turn it up and the attack is enhanced. You can use it with kick drum to enhance the punch, put it on vocals to reduce plosives, etc.
* The Pedal, Optical, Tube, Analog, JFET and Dynamicomp types have been completely redone resulting in improved performance. These types now inherently perform automatic makeup gain.
+
</blockquote>
* Auto Attack/Release has been removed from the Pedal and Dynamicomp types as it is no longer applicable.</blockquote>
+
</blockquote>
  
=Compressor types=
+
; DynamiComp : Pedal-style compressor with a faster attack behavior, based on MXR’s classic M-102 Dyna Comp pedal.
  
Firmware Ares and later has these types in the Compressor block:
+
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
 +
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-attack-release-default-settings.183692/post-2260540]
 +
The attack time in our reference pedal is measured as 3.6ms. The attack time is dynamic. The greater the output of the compression circuit the faster the attack time.
 +
</blockquote>
  
'''Pedal Compressor 1 and 2''' — "Pedal 2" uses a different algorithm which is smoother and pumps less than "Pedal 1". CPU usage by both types is much less than the "Studio" types.
+
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-attack-release-default-settings.183692/post-2260136]
 +
The attack time is actually dynamic and a function of the input level. Our algorithm models this. The default value is 3.6ms and is the maximum attack time. The higher the input level, the lower the attack time.
 +
</blockquote>
  
'''Dynamics Processor''' – allows compression or expansion with a single control. When set to negative values, the block compresses the signal. When set to positive values, the block expands the signal. This is also available in the Amp block.
+
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-firmware-version-21-02-public-beta-beta-2.191173/post-2375490]
 +
The Dynamicomp type is based on a Dynacomp.
 +
</blockquote>
  
'''Optical Compressor''' – based on classic optical tube compressors, famous for their smooth sound. Use it before the Amp block to smooth out your licks and increase sustain, or use it after the Amp block for an instant “Hit Record” sound.
+
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-firmware-version-21-02-public-beta-beta-2.191173/post-2375507]
 +
Our model is based on the original ones that used the CA3080A. New ones use an LM13700.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
  
'''Tube Compressor''' — based on classic tube compressors like the Altec Lansing 436C. Since this type uses “variable mu” processing it may add subtle, and possibly desirable, distortion to the audio.
+
; Dynamics Processor : Allows compression or expansion with a single control. When set to negative values, the block compresses the signal. When set to positive values, the block expands the signal. This is also available in the Amp block.
  
'''Analog Compressor''' — natural soft-knee response, capturing the vibe of the classic compressors of the 70s and 80s.
+
; JFET Compressor : Field Effect Transistor-based compression, emulating tube compressors. The most famous FET compressor is the Urei 1176.
  
'''DynamiComp''' - pedal-style compressor with a faster attack behavior, based on MXR’s classic M-102 Dyna Comp pedal.
+
; JFET Sustainer : Based on a rare JFET-based pedal compressor where the JFET is in the op-amp’s feedback network.
<blockquote>(Dynacomp) "The attack time is actually dynamic and a function of the input level. Our algorithm models this. The default value is 3.6ms and is the maximum attack time. The higher the input level, the lower the attack time." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-attack-release-default-settings.183692/post-2260136]</blockquote>
 
  
<blockquote>(Dynacomp) "The attack time in our reference pedal is measured as 3.6ms. The attack time is dynamic. The greater the output of the compression circuit the faster the attack time." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-attack-release-default-settings.183692/post-2260540] </blockquote>
+
; Optical Compressor : Based on classic optical tube compressors, famous for their smooth sound. Includes ballistics and inherent soft knee for vintage optical compression sounds. Use it before the Amp block to smooth out your licks and increase sustain, or use it after the Amp block for an instant “Hit Record” sound.
  
'''JFET''' — Field Effect Transistor-based compression, emulating tube compressors. The most famous FET compressor is the Urei 1176.
+
; Optical Sustainer : based on optocoupler-based pedal compressors.
  
'''Compander''' The Transients control adjusts the transient modification. Values less than zero soften the attack, value greater than zero emphasize the attack.
+
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
 +
<blockquote>
 +
[http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/ax8-v7-01-public-beta.125272/#post-1490668]
 +
Optical 1 uses a full-wave rectifier as a detector (peak detector). Optical 2 uses a true RMS detector. The LA-2A and many other compressors use rectifiers as detectors because it's easy and simple. Technically true-RMS detectors are "better" but they are difficult to implement in analog hardware. Whether or not true-RMS is better in actual real-world applications is debatable. There are those that claim that true-RMS detectors more closely replicate the natural compression behavior of the human auditory system. Peak detectors respond more rapidly to transients while RMS detectors have a smoother behavior. The only way to know which you like better is to try them.
 +
</blockquote>
  
 
<blockquote>
 
<blockquote>
"A Compander is a compressor followed by an expander. If the time constant of the compressor and expander are the same (and the "channel" is perfect, i.e. linear and lossless) then a Compander is transparent. If you change the time constant of one vs. the other the transients will become distorted. The "Transients" knob controls the time constant mismatch. Negative values smooth the transients, positive values enhance the transients. A Compander with transient enhancement can be used on kick drums, bass, etc. to add punch. Transient reduction can be used to reduce plosives. For guitar you can use the Compander to add or remove pick attack." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-iii-firmware-release-version-16-03.174033/post-2109538]
+
[http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-ii-quantum-rev-7-00-firmware-release.124944/page-25#post-1489719]
 +
It's not an "LA-2A" but it can sound like one. It's a generic optical compressor that can be adjusted to sound like a variety of compressors. It has adjustable attack, release and compression.
 
</blockquote>
 
</blockquote>
  
 
<blockquote>
 
<blockquote>
"The first step in adding compansion to the delay block was creating a compander algorithm. So I created a Compander type first in the Compressor block. Once that was working I used that algorithm in the Delay block. The Compander allows you to set the Ratio, Time, Transients and Level. Turn Transients down and the attack is reduced, turn it up and the attack is enhanced. You can use it with kick drum to enhance the punch, put it on vocals to reduce plosives, etc." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/delay-block-update.173708/post-2104201]
+
[http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-ii-quantum-rev-7-00-firmware-release.124944/page-28#post-1490770]
 +
The LA-2A, CL1B, et. al. are high-end studio compressors that use optical circuits.
 +
</blockquote>
 
</blockquote>
 
</blockquote>
  
'''Studio Compressor types''' — Studio FF Compressor 2 is similar to Studio FF Compressor 1 (formerly called Studio Compressor) except that it is an “upwards compressor” as opposed to a downwards compressor. Studio FB Compressor 1 and 2 are feedback compressors with downwards and upwards compression respectively. As these are feedback compressors, they yield a different sound than a feedforward compressor commonly referred to as “fat” with smoother dynamics. Note that nature of feedback compressors can result in distortion at extreme control settings (fast attack/release, high ratio, etc.). It is therefore recommended to set Auto Att/Rel to ON in these instances."
+
; Pedal Compressor 1 and 2 : <q>Pedal 2</q> uses a different algorithm which is smoother and pumps less than <q>Pedal 1</q>. CPU usage by both types is much less than the <q>Studio</q> types.
  
<blockquote>
+
; Tube Compressor : Based on classic tube compressors like the Altec Lansing 436C. Since this type uses “variable mu” processing it may add subtle, and possibly desirable, distortion to the audio.
"The Studio FB Compressor 1 might be my new favorite." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-iii-firmware-release-version-12-08-public-beta-4.161892/post-1939224]
 
</blockquote>
 
  
<blockquote>
+
; Studio Compressor types : Studio FF Compressor yields smooth release and “fat” compression, suitable for a wide range of uses including bus and mastering. Studio FF Sustainer is similar to Studio FF Compressor except that it is an “upwards compressor” as opposed to a downwards compressor. Studio FB Compressor and Sustainer is a feedback compressor types with downwards and upwards compression respectively. As these are feedback compressors, they yield a different sound than a feedforward compressor commonly referred to as “fat” with smoother dynamics. Note that nature of feedback compressors can result in distortion at extreme control settings (fast attack/release, high ratio, etc.). It is therefore recommended to set Auto Att/Rel to ON in these instances.
(firmware Ares 12.07) "The Studio Compressor is really nice now. I compared it to my favorite hardware unit (dbx 266XL) and the Studio Compressor sounds and measures better (less distortion at low attack/release times)." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-iii-firmware-release-version-12-07.160081/post-1916172]
 
</blockquote>
 
  
 +
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
 
<blockquote>
 
<blockquote>
(Axe-Fx II) "Optical 1 uses a full-wave rectifier as a detector (peak detector). Optical 2 uses a true RMS detector. The LA-2A and many other compressors use rectifiers as detectors because it's easy and simple. Technically true-RMS detectors are "better" but they are difficult to implement in analog hardware. Whether or not true-RMS is better in actual real-world applications is debatable. There are those that claim that true-RMS detectors more closely replicate the natural compression behavior of the human auditory system. Peak detectors respond more rapidly to transients while RMS detectors have a smoother behavior. The only way to know which you like better is to try them." [http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/ax8-v7-01-public-beta.125272/#post-1490668]
+
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-iii-firmware-release-version-12-08-public-beta-4.161892/post-1939224]
 +
The Studio FB Compressor might be my new favorite.
 
</blockquote>
 
</blockquote>
  
 
<blockquote>
 
<blockquote>
(About the optical compressor) "It's not an "LA-2A" but it can sound like one. It's a generic optical compressor that can be adjusted to sound like a variety of compressors. It has adjustable attack, release and compression." [http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-ii-quantum-rev-7-00-firmware-release.124944/page-25#post-1489719]
+
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-iii-firmware-release-version-12-07.160081/post-1916172]
 +
The Studio Compressor is really nice now. I compared it to my favorite hardware unit (dbx 266XL) and the Studio Compressor sounds and measures better (less distortion at low attack/release times).
 
</blockquote>
 
</blockquote>
  
 
<blockquote>
 
<blockquote>
"The LA-2A, CL1B, et. al. are high-end studio compressors that use optical circuits." [http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-ii-quantum-rev-7-00-firmware-release.124944/page-28#post-1490770]
+
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-not-as-good-as-it-could-be.188183/post-2334917]
 +
The compressors are great. If you are typically using pedal compressors like the Keeley then you want to be using the "Dynamicomp" type. The other types are studio compressors and won't sound/feel like what you are used to.
 
</blockquote>
 
</blockquote>
 
<blockquote>
 
"The Studio FB Compressor 1 might be my new favorite." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-iii-firmware-release-version-12-08-public-beta-4.161892/post-1939224]
 
 
</blockquote>
 
</blockquote>
  
 
There is more information in the [[Owners_Manuals|Owner's Manuals]].
 
There is more information in the [[Owners_Manuals|Owner's Manuals]].
  
=Factory presets=
+
[[image:comp1.jpeg|600px]]
  
The Compressor block is showcased in many factory presets. Search the [[Factory presets]] page for "compres*".
+
[[image:comp2.jpg|700px]]
  
 
=Position of the Compressor block on the grid=
 
=Position of the Compressor block on the grid=
Line 116: Line 132:
 
In traditional guitar rigs the compressor pedal goes between guitar and amp.
 
In traditional guitar rigs the compressor pedal goes between guitar and amp.
  
Putting the Compressor block ''after'' the Amp block makes it interfere less with the amp dynamics. When doing this, set its input to Line instead of Instrument (Axe-Fx III, FM9, FM3: n/a).
+
Putting the Compressor block ''after'' the Amp block makes it interfere less with the amp dynamics. When doing this, set its input to Line instead of Instrument.
  
=Compression in Compressor block versus Amp block=
+
=Parameters=
  
The [[Amp block]] has built-in compression tools:
+
The parameters are explained in the [[Owners_Manuals|Owner's Manual]].
  
'''Dynamics''' – preamp compression, the same as the Compressor block's Dynamics mode
 
  
'''Output Comp''' – output compression, great to beef up clean tones
+
[[image:Comp=mother.jpeg|link=|300px]]
  
<blockquote>"The Dynamics knob in the Amp block does the same thing as the Dynamics mode of the compressors so you can save a block that way." [http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/comp-vs-multicomp.107343/#post-1284495] </blockquote>
+
==Input Level==
  
<blockquote>"The Output Compressor is a simplified version of the compressor block." [http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/tips-on-getting-rid-of-that-hifi-sound-1st-look-at-3.140533/#post-1665472] </blockquote>
+
When set to INSTRUMENT the detector is optimized for guitar-level signals, i.e., before an amp block. When set to LINE the detector is optimized for post-amp level signals.
  
Both types increase CPU usage.
+
==Threshold==
  
Some devices provide a dedicated [[Multiband Compressor block]]: Axe-Fx II, Axe-Fx III, FM3, FM9.
+
In firmware Ares and later, a Threshold parameter has been added to all types. In existing presets containing a Compressor type that didn’t have a Threshold yet, the value is set to -60dB, adjust if necessary.
  
=About ADSR=
+
In firmware 17.01 and later, the Threshold parameter has been removed from the Pedal 1, Pedal 2, Dynamicomp and JFET compressor types.
  
'''Attack''' — The time it takes to go from silence to maximum level
+
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
 +
<blockquote>
 +
The Threshold is the input level at which the output starts to compress as given by Ratio control.
 +
</blockquote>
  
'''Decay''' — The time it takes to drop from maximum level to the sustain level or silence
+
<blockquote>
 +
[http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/love-3-0-but.147215/page-3#post-1739747]
 +
If defaults to all the way down on old patches so that it doesn't change the sound of them.
  
'''Sustain''' — The volume of a note while holding it
+
-60 dB is so low as to ensure that the signal will compress even on the most quiet playing -- assuming Compression is higher than 0 or Ratio is higher than 1:1.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
  
'''Release''' — The time it takes to drop from sustain level to silence after being released
+
==Level==
  
=Parameters=
+
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
 +
<blockquote>
 +
Levels can be and are frequently above 0. Any compressor that has a max level of zero is not calibrated in dBu.
 +
</blockquote>
  
The parameters are explained in the [[Owners_Manuals|Owner's Manual]].
+
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-block-problem.153997/post-1830564]
 +
The output level is irrelevant. It's just a number.
 +
</blockquote>
  
==Threshold==
+
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-block-problem.153997/post-1830557]
 +
This is the right way to set the compressor output level:
 +
# Bypass everything but the compressor block.
 +
# Dial in the desired threshold and ratio.
 +
# Alternate between bypassing and engaging the block while strumming hard. Adjust the output level until the volume is the same.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
  
In firmware Ares and later, a Threshold parameter has been added to all types. In existing presets containing a Compressor type that didn’t have a Threshold yet, the value is set to -60dB. Adjust if necessary.
+
==Attack/Release==
  
<blockquote>"The Threshold is the input level at which the output starts to compress as given by Ratio control." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/ares-firmware-0-11.135877/post-1609188]</blockquote>
+
; Attack : The time it takes to go from silence to maximum level.
 +
; Decay : The time it takes to drop from maximum level to the sustain level or silence.
 +
; Sustain : The volume of a note while holding it.
 +
; Release : The time it takes to drop from sustain level to silence after being released.
  
<blockquote>"If defaults to all the way down on old patches so that it doesn't change the sound of them." [http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/love-3-0-but.147215/page-3#post-1739747]</blockquote>
+
Auto Attack/Release varies with program material as a percentage of the set values. It adds CPU usage. It's not available for all types.
  
<blockquote>"-60 dB is so low as to ensure that the signal will compress even on the most quiet playing -- assuming Compression is higher than 0 or Ratio is higher than 1:1." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/fm3-firmware-1-02-beta-6.159772/post-1912589]</blockquote>
+
<blockquote>
 +
'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''
 +
<HR>
  
In firmware 17.01 and later, the Threshold parameter has been removed from the Pedal 1, Pedal 2, Dynamicomp and JFET compressor types.
+
<blockquote>
 +
[https://thegearforum.com/threads/clipping-in-the-axe-iii.4213/page-2#post-164504]
 +
Compressors distort. The shorter the attack and release times the more distortion. This is because a compressor works by doing y = x * g where g is the gain. As the attack and release times approach zero g approaches k * |x| so you end up with y = x * k * |x| which is obviously very nonlinear.
  
==Level==
+
Compression is, by definition, nonlinear because it is not time invariant. The audibility of the distortion is a function of human auditory perception and the attack and release parameters. The shorter the attack and release the more we perceive the distortion.
 +
</blockquote>
  
<blockquote>"Levels can be and are frequently above 0. Any compressor that has a max level of zero is not calibrated in dBu." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/ares-firmware-0-11.135877/post-1609188]</blockquote>
+
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/fixed-compressor-gate-zipper-noise.159941/page-2#post-1915112]
 +
You shouldn't use a combination of low Attack Time and low Release Time. If one is low the other should be high. Otherwise the detector will not filter enough. This is the nature of compressors. We allow you to use low times but you should be aware that it can cause distortion. Very low attack times will result in detector chatter. This is the nature of detector circuits.
 +
</blockquote>
  
<blockquote>"The output level is irrelevant. It's just a number." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-block-problem.153997/post-1830564]</blockquote>
+
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/fixed-compressor-gate-zipper-noise.159941/post-1916324]
 +
I recommend turning Auto Att/Rel on. The Attack and Release controls still work but it uses some fancy math to vary the attack and release times as a function of data statistics. The only downside is that it adds a little CPU hit.
 +
</blockquote>
  
<blockquote>"This is the right way to set the compressor output level:
+
<blockquote>
# Bypass everything but the compressor block.
+
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-firmware-release-version-18-00.179261/post-2186669]
# Dial in the desired threshold and ratio.
+
The types with no Auto Makeup switch have inherent makeup gain in the algorithm. It's not something you can turn off now. If you've ever used a Dynacomp you'll notice the volume does not decrease when you increase the compression.
# Alternate between bypassing and engaging the block while strumming hard. Adjust the output level until the volume is the same." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-block-problem.153997/post-1830557]</blockquote>
+
</blockquote>
  
==Attack/Release==
+
<blockquote>
 +
[http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/not-a-bug-compressor-release-showing-wrong-time-value.48630/#post-632039]
 +
Pedal compressors typically have very long release times so the time is scaled by 10 for pedal mode. The time in studio mode is accurate to within a microsecond.
 +
</blockquote>
  
<blockquote>"You shouldn't use a combination of low Attack Time and low Release Time. If one is low the other should be high. Otherwise the detector will not filter enough. This is the nature of compressors. We allow you to use low times but you should be aware that it can cause distortion. Very low attack times will result in detector chatter. This is the nature of detector circuits." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-gate-zipper-noise.159941]</blockquote>
+
<blockquote>
 
+
[http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/not-a-bug-compressor-release-showing-wrong-time-value.48630/#post-632069]
Auto Attack/Release varies with program material as a percentage of the set values. It adds CPU usage. It's not available for all types.
+
The times are the classic "time constants" for analog circuits, i.e. the time it takes for a signal to settle to 37% of it's final value (e^-1).
 
+
</blockquote>
<blockquote>"I recommend turning Auto Att/Rel on. The Attack and Release controls still work but it uses some fancy math to vary the attack and release times as a function of data statistics. The only downside is that it adds a little CPU hit." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/fixed-compressor-gate-zipper-noise.159941/post-1916324]</blockquote>
+
</blockquote>
 
 
<blockquote>"The types with no Auto Makeup switch have inherent makeup gain in the algorithm. It's not something you can turn off now. If you've ever used a Dynacomp you'll notice the volume does not decrease when you increase the compression." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-firmware-release-version-18-00.179261/post-2186669]</blockquote>
 
  
 
==Mix==
 
==Mix==
Line 191: Line 241:
 
==Sidechain High Cut==
 
==Sidechain High Cut==
  
<blockquote>"You can use the Compressor block as a "Clarity" control. Set the sidechain high-cut to around 200 Hz. Now low notes will get compressed more than high notes. This will make the lows clearer when digging in. This is like a variable high-pass filter that gets more intense the harder you play. When you play lightly the compressor will do nothing. As you play harder low frequencies will have less gain than high frequencies. For a more intense effect use the filter section of the sidechain. Set the type to lowpass and adjust the frequency to taste." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-trick.153988/post-1830355]</blockquote>
+
<blockquote>
 +
'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''
 +
<HR>
  
==Release (Pedal mode)==
+
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-trick.153988/post-1830355]
 +
You can use the Compressor block as a "Clarity" control. Set the sidechain high-cut to around 200 Hz. Now low notes will get compressed more than high notes. This will make the lows clearer when digging in. This is like a variable high-pass filter that gets more intense the harder you play. When you play lightly the compressor will do nothing. As you play harder low frequencies will have less gain than high frequencies.
  
<blockquote>"Pedal compressors typically have very long release times so the time is scaled by 10 for pedal mode. The time in studio mode is accurate to within a microsecond." [http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/not-a-bug-compressor-release-showing-wrong-time-value.48630/#post-632039] </blockquote>
+
For a more intense effect use the filter section of the sidechain. Set the type to lowpass and adjust the frequency to taste.
 
+
</blockquote>
<blockquote>"The times are the classic "time constants" for analog circuits, i.e. the time it takes for a signal to settle to 37% of it's final value (e^-1)." [http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/not-a-bug-compressor-release-showing-wrong-time-value.48630/#post-632069] </blockquote>
+
</blockquote>
  
 
==Emphasis==
 
==Emphasis==
Line 203: Line 257:
 
This boosts the high frequencies prior to compression and then lowers them after.
 
This boosts the high frequencies prior to compression and then lowers them after.
  
<blockquote><q>There is pre/de-emphasis on the compressor. That will change the compression character of the attack a bit. To simulate this use the Emphasis control or the filter parameters in the Sidechain page.</q> [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/uglier-compressor-algorithms.177609/post-2162918]</blockquote>
+
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
 +
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/uglier-compressor-algorithms.177609/post-2162918]
 +
There is pre/de-emphasis on the compressor. That will change the compression character of the attack a bit. To simulate this use the Emphasis control or the filter parameters in the Sidechain page.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
  
 
==Filter==
 
==Filter==
Line 214: Line 273:
  
 
The default Lookahead value is 0.
 
The default Lookahead value is 0.
 +
 +
Note that setting Lookahead to a non-zero value, will add latency to the processing.
  
 
==Auto Makeup Gain==
 
==Auto Makeup Gain==
  
<blockquote>"The only thing auto-gain does is attempt to keep the output level the same as the ratio and/or threshold is changed. It has to make assumptions about the incoming level which is just a guess since every guitar is different. The threshold of the Axe-Fx III differs from the Axe-Fx II by about 20 dB so if you are copying presets from the II you need to change your threshold accordingly." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-block-problem.153997/post-1830554]</blockquote>
+
The Pedal, Optical, Tube, Analog, JFET and Dynamicomp compressor types can apply automatic makeup gain (firmware 18 and later for the Axe-Fx III).
 +
 
 +
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
 +
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-block-problem.153997/post-1830554]
 +
The only thing auto-gain does is attempt to keep the output level the same as the ratio and/or threshold is changed. It has to make assumptions about the incoming level which is just a guess since every guitar is different.
 +
 
 +
The threshold of the Axe-Fx III differs from the Axe-Fx II by about 20 dB so if you are copying presets from the II you need to change your threshold accordingly.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
 
 +
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-firmware-release-version-18-00-public-beta.178845/post-2185214]
 +
Auto Makeup assumes a certain input level, in this case a typical humbucker guitar.
  
<blockquote>"Auto Makeup assumes a certain input level, in this case a typical humbucker guitar. The idea is that once you set it you don't have to adjust it as much as you would if you didn't have it. For example, the makeup gain can run anywhere from 0 to 30 dB depending on the settings. With Auto Makeup on you typically don't need to adjust more than +/- a few dB." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/axe-fx-firmware-release-version-18-00-public-beta.178845/post-2185214]</blockquote>
+
The idea is that once you set it you don't have to adjust it as much as you would if you didn't have it. For example, the makeup gain can run anywhere from 0 to 30 dB depending on the settings. With Auto Makeup on you typically don't need to adjust more than +/- a few dB.
 +
</blockquote>
  
Firmware 18 for the Axe-Fx III: Pedal, Optical, Tube, Analog, JFET and Dynamicomp perform automatic makeup gain.
+
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/selectable-auto-makeup-gain-in-compressor.179966/post-2198186]
 +
It can't be turned off because it's inherent in the algorithm. Think about the classic Dynacomp. It doesn't calculate the makeup gain, it happens automatically due to the nature of the circuit. The algorithms replicate the behavior of the circuits.
  
<blockquote>"It can't be turned off because it's inherent in the algorithm. Think about the classic Dynacomp. It doesn't calculate the makeup gain, it happens automatically due to the nature of the circuit. The algorithms replicate the behavior of the circuits.<BR>
+
[…] You turn up the compression as desired. Play a bit. Bypass the block. Now engage it. If you need a bit more output level turn the level up and vice-versa. For those types where it is possible to turn off makeup gain a switch IS provided.
You turn up the compression as desired. Play a bit. Bypass the block. Now engage it. If you need a bit more output level turn the level up and vice-versa. For those types where it is possible to turn off makeup gain a switch IS provided." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/selectable-auto-makeup-gain-in-compressor.179966/post-2198186]</blockquote>
+
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
  
 
==Fast RMS detector==
 
==Fast RMS detector==
Line 230: Line 307:
 
The “Fast RMS” Detector type in the Studio Comp mimics the fast detectors in classic rack-mount compressors. It uses less CPU than the other detectors.
 
The “Fast RMS” Detector type in the Studio Comp mimics the fast detectors in classic rack-mount compressors. It uses less CPU than the other detectors.
  
In firmware Ares and later, there's only "RMS", which is the same as "Fast RMS" in the AX8, FX8 and Axe-Fx II.
+
In the Ares firmware and later, there's only <q>RMS</q>, which is the same as <q>Fast RMS</q> in the AX8, FX8 and Axe-Fx II.
  
=Tips and tricks=
+
=Tips, tricks and troubleshooting=
  
==Pick Attack==
+
==Factory presets==
  
To manipulate pick attack using the Compressor:
+
The Compressor block is showcased in many factory presets. Search the [[Factory presets]] page for <q>compres*</q>.
  
<blockquote>'"Downward Expander. Set Release Time and Hold Time to minimum. Detector to Peak. Adjust Attack Time, Ratio, etc. to taste." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/pick-attack-reduction.161727/post-1937654]</blockquote>
+
==Compressor block versus Amp block compression==
  
==Latency compensation==
+
The Amp block has built-in compression tools:
  
If you're using multiple audio routings and need to align them, preventing timing differences (latency), you can use the Compressor block. [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/latency-time-alignment-block.159302/ More information]
+
; Dynamics : Preamp compression, the same as the Compressor block's Dynamics mode.
 +
; Output Comp : Output compression, great to beef up clean tones.
  
==Pre and Post==
+
Both types increase CPU usage.
  
For maximum control over dynamics and loudness, use two Compressor blocks. One at the start and one at the end. As demonstrated in some [[Factory presets]], search for "pre- and post-compression".
+
<blockquote>
 +
'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''
 +
<HR>
  
==Lowell George==
+
<blockquote>
 +
[http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/comp-vs-multicomp.107343/#post-1284495]
 +
The Dynamics knob in the Amp block does the same thing as the Dynamics mode of the compressors so you can save a block that way.
 +
</blockquote>
  
Austin Buddy:
+
<blockquote>
 +
[http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/tips-on-getting-rid-of-that-hifi-sound-1st-look-at-3.140533/#post-1665472]
 +
The Output Compressor is a simplified version of the compressor block.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
  
<blockquote>"Use two Studio FB 1 compressor block in series. Set each one of them to a 4:1 ratio, you can set the first one in series higher if you want. Then set the knee to high or medium high and make sure the threshold is set on the first one in the series to SQUASH the signal by at least 6db+ of compression, if not more. Raise the level a few db to hit the second one, then set the level out of that one to hit the amp. Use a very fast attack, try 0.283 ms attack (actual 1176 attack) and 75 ms release on each. Play with it until you get the sound you like. Lowell used a Tele bridge pickup put into his Strat, but you can use the squawk position or middle pick up on Strat if you like.  It will be noisy when you aren't playing. Make sure to adjust the noise gate in INPUT 1 to be low, else it will cut off your sustain." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/lowell-george-little-feat-patch-for-slide-compression.27985/post-2223515]</blockquote>
+
==Pick attack==
  
==Emulating the Keeley Compressor==
+
To manipulate pick attack using the Compressor:
  
<blockquote>(Admin M@) "I use "Analog Compressor" for Keeley sounds. It works great! Because I play vintage output guitars, I like to boost the level going in by adjusting the output of the input block before it. You can try "Auto Att/Rel", or use the published "classic" Keeley recipes*. Personally, however, I prefer a faster release, in the neighborhood of 75ms or less.
+
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
* Attack Time: typically 15ms for 10dB, 5ms for 20dB, 3ms for 30dB
+
<blockquote>
* Release Time: 80ms for 10dB, 160ms for 20dB, 240ms for 30dB" [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/keeley-style-comp.151152/#post-1797889]</blockquote>
+
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/pick-attack-reduction.161727/post-1937654]
 +
Downward Expander. Set Release Time and Hold Time to minimum. Detector to Peak. Adjust Attack Time, Ratio, etc. to taste.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
  
==Emulating the Ross Compressor==
+
==Latency compensation==
  
<blockquote><q>I don't hear anything the Dynamicomp model isn't capable of (except for the noise). Turn off Auto Att/Rel. Set the Attack to min, Release somewhat high, Compression as desired and Bob's your uncle.</q> [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/uglier-compressor-algorithms.177609/post-2162918]</blockquote>
+
If you're using multiple audio routings and need to align them, preventing timing differences (latency), you can use the Compressor block. Use the Dynamics type, set to a low ratio, adjust the Lookahead parameter.
  
<blockquote><q>The key is to use a feedback compressor. So that would be any of the pedal compressors and the Dynamicomp or the Studio FB Compressors. Then either set the threshold all the way down or all the way up if it's an upward compressor (Studio FB Compressor 2 IIRC). Set Attack Time to min, Release Time fairly long. Make sure detector type is peak and Auto Att/Rel is off.</q> [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/uglier-compressor-algorithms.177609/post-2162918]</blockquote>
+
See <q>[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/latency-time-alignment-block.159302/ Wish Latency / Time Alignment block]</q> in the forum for more information.
  
==80's clean compression==
+
==Pre and post compression==
  
For that ultra-compressed '80s clean guitar tone, check out factory preset "Clean Pop Rhythm".
+
For maximum control over dynamics and loudness, use two Compressor blocks. One at the start and one at the end. As demonstrated in some [[Factory presets]], search for <q>pre- and post-compression</q>.
  
==Emulating a Boss Compressor/Sustainer==
+
==Limiting==
  
<blockquote>(Admin M@) "The PEDAL 1 type in the AX8 is comparable to the CS1/2/3. The COMPression knob is equivalent to the SUSTAIN knob on the Boss pedal. Release is not sustain. Leave it at the default setting. When using this effect, I like to increase level before the compressor. One way to do this is to increase the output level of the noise gate on the input block." [http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/ax8-compressor-sustainer.133081/#post-1574488] </blockquote>
+
There's no dedicated brickwall limiter in the unit, but the compressor can be used as such.
  
==Using the compressor as a limiter==
+
From the [[Owners_Manuals|Owner's manual]]:
  
There's no dedicated brickwall limiter in the unit, but the compressor can be used as such.
+
<blockquote>Setting the RATIO to “INFINITY” turns the compressor into a “limiter,” reducing any level above the threshold to the threshold, applying a sort of “ceiling” or “brick-wall limiting” above which nothing can rise.
 +
</blockquote>
  
[[Owners_Manuals|Owner's manual:]]
+
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
 +
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-meter-doesnt-match-the-output-meter.168147/post-2019948]
 +
The compressor block is expressly designed to also be used as a limiter. Set the ratio to maximum and detector type to peak.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
  
<blockquote>"Setting the RATIO to “INFINITY” turns the compressor into a “limiter,” reducing any level above the threshold to the threshold, applying a sort of “ceiling” or “brick-wall limiting” above which nothing can rise." </blockquote>
+
==80's clean compression==
  
<blockquote>"The compressor block is expressly designed to also be used as a limiter. Set the ratio to maximum and detector type to peak." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/compressor-meter-doesnt-match-the-output-meter.168147/post-2019948] </blockquote>
+
For that ultra-compressed '80s clean guitar tone, check this factory preset: [[Factory presets|CLEAN POP RHYTHM]]
  
==Using the compressor as a clean boost==
+
==Compressor as a clean boost==
  
 
A compressor can be used as a clean boost. Keep compression low and set its output level as desired.
 
A compressor can be used as a clean boost. Keep compression low and set its output level as desired.
  
==Pumping==
+
==Pump compression==
  
 
From the [[Owners_Manuals|Owners Manual]]:
 
From the [[Owners_Manuals|Owners Manual]]:
  
<blockquote>"Pumping is an effect that occurs when a sudden strong peak causes a compressor to reduce levels such that the entire signal audibly dips and then returns. The event that triggers pumping might be brief, and can be in any part of the frequency spectrum. To reduce pumping caused by low or high end spikes, you can use sidechain filtering to make the compressor less sensitive to such peaks. Very fast and very slow release times tend to make a compressor seem more resistant to pumping, but can bring issues of their own. Another possibility is to switch to a multiband compressor, which handles lows, mids and highs individually. Now, it cannot go without saying that pumping can also be used as an effect in itself, as when a kick drum is set up as a sidechain source to give electric guitars a bouncing sound common in dance and industrial music."</blockquote>
+
<blockquote><HR><blockquote>
 +
Pumping is an effect that occurs when a sudden strong peak causes a compressor to reduce levels such that the entire signal audibly dips and then returns. The event that triggers pumping might be brief, and can be in any part of the frequency spectrum. To reduce pumping caused by low or high end spikes, you can use sidechain filtering to make the compressor less sensitive to such peaks. Very fast and very slow release times tend to make a compressor seem more resistant to pumping, but can bring issues of their own. Another possibility is to switch to a multiband compressor, which handles lows, mids and highs individually. Now, it cannot go without saying that pumping can also be used as an effect in itself, as when a kick drum is set up as a sidechain source to give electric guitars a bouncing sound common in dance and industrial music.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
  
 
==De-essing==
 
==De-essing==
  
<blockquote>"De-essing can be done by adjusting the side-chain EQ in the compressor block." [http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/deesser.147303/#post-1743145]</blockquote>
+
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
 +
<blockquote>
 +
[http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/deesser.147303/#post-1743145]
 +
De-essing can be done by adjusting the side-chain EQ in the compressor block.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
  
 
==Cascading compressors==
 
==Cascading compressors==
Line 302: Line 406:
 
An old studio trick is to cascade two compressors in series, especially for slide guitar, reportedly used by Lowell George, Bonnie Raitt, and others.
 
An old studio trick is to cascade two compressors in series, especially for slide guitar, reportedly used by Lowell George, Bonnie Raitt, and others.
  
<blockquote>"Cascading compressors has been used in studios for decades. An 1176 into an LA-2A is a popular combo. The FMR Audio put this into a single package with their RNC (Really Nice Compressor) compressor which has two compressors in series. The "SuperNice" switch engaged a third stage." [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/tone-trick-or-treating.166886/post-2004999]</blockquote>
+
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
 +
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/tone-trick-or-treating.166886/post-2004999]
 +
Cascading compressors has been used in studios for decades. An 1176 into an LA-2A is a popular combo. The FMR Audio put this into a single package with their RNC (Really Nice Compressor) compressor which has two compressors in series. The "SuperNice" switch engaged a third stage.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
 +
 
 +
<blockquote>'''OTHER QUOTES'''<HR>
 +
Austin Buddy described [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/lowell-george-little-feat-patch-for-slide-compression.27985/post-2223515 how to get Lowell George's sound]:
 +
 
 +
<blockquote>
 +
To try this, use two Studio FB 1 compressor block in series. Set each one of them to a 4:1 ratio, you can set the first one in series higher if you want. Then set the knee to high or medium high and make sure the threshold is set on the first one in the series to SQUASH the signal by at least 6db+ of compression, if not more. Raise the level a few db to hit the second one, then set the level out of that one to hit the amp.
 +
 
 +
Use a very fast attack, try 0.283 ms attack (actual 1176 attack) and 75 ms release on each. Play with it until you get the sound you like. Lowell used a Tele bridge pickup put into his Strat, but you can use the squawk position or middle pick up on Strat if you like.
  
Leon Todd has an [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXKQMh_fGGI example] video.
+
It will be noisy when you aren't playing. Make sure to adjust the noise gate in INPUT 1 to be low, else it will cut off your sustain.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
  
==SoloDallas Schaffer Replica==
+
==Solo Dallas Schaffer Replica==
  
To emulate the compression from the Schaffer Replica, use two compressors, and/or compression in the Amp block, as explained in the threads below. Or check the "Hell's Glockenspiels" factory preset.
+
To emulate the compression from the Schaffer Replica, use two compressors, and/or compression in the Amp block, as explained in the threads below, or look at the <q>[[Factory presets|HELL GLOCKENSPIELS]]</q> factory preset.  
  
 
For more information see:
 
For more information see:
* http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/comp-vs-multicomp.107343
+
* [http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/comp-vs-multicomp.107343 Comp vs multicomp? (Solo Dallas Schaffer Replica)]
* http://solodallas.com/the-schaffer-replica
+
* [http://solodallas.com/the-schaffer-replica The Schaffer Replica]
  
==Micro-Delay for stereo enhancing==
+
==Keeley Compressor==
  
Use a compressor, Dynamics type, set to a low ratio, adjust the look ahead parameter.
+
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
 +
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/keeley-style-comp.151152/#post-1797889]
 +
I use "Analog Compressor" for Keeley sounds. It works great! Because I play vintage output guitars, I like to boost the level going in by adjusting the output of the input block before it. You can try "Auto Att/Rel", or use the published "classic" Keeley recipes*. Personally, however, I prefer a faster release, in the neighborhood of 75ms or less.
 +
* Attack Time: typically 15ms for 10dB, 5ms for 20dB, 3ms for 30dB
 +
* Release Time: 80ms for 10dB, 160ms for 20dB, 240ms for 30dB
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
 +
 
 +
==Ross Compressor==
 +
 
 +
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
 +
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/uglier-compressor-algorithms.177609/post-2162918]
 +
I don't hear anything the Dynamicomp model isn't capable of (except for the noise). Turn off Auto Att/Rel. Set the Attack to min, Release somewhat high, Compression as desired and Bob's your uncle.
 +
</blockquote>
  
=More information about compression=
+
<blockquote>
 +
[https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/uglier-compressor-algorithms.177609/post-2162918]
 +
The key is to use a feedback compressor. So that would be any of the pedal compressors and the Dynamicomp or the Studio FB Compressors. Then either set the threshold all the way down or all the way up if it's an upward compressor (Studio FB Compressor 2 IIRC). Set Attack Time to min, Release Time fairly long. Make sure detector type is peak and Auto Att/Rel is off.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
 +
 
 +
==Boss Compressor/Sustainer==
 +
 
 +
<blockquote>'''FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES'''<HR>
 +
<blockquote>
 +
[http://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/ax8-compressor-sustainer.133081/#post-1574488]
 +
The PEDAL 1 type in the AX8 is comparable to the CS1/2/3. The COMPression knob is equivalent to the SUSTAIN knob on the Boss pedal. Release is not sustain. Leave it at the default setting. When using this effect, I like to increase level before the compressor. One way to do this is to increase the output level of the noise gate on the input block.
 +
</blockquote>
 +
</blockquote>
 +
 
 +
==More information about compression==
 +
 
 +
For more information see:
  
 
* [http://www.ovnilab.com/faq.shtml Compressor FAQ]
 
* [http://www.ovnilab.com/faq.shtml Compressor FAQ]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6szjqt6r8Y Danny Danzi's video tutorial]
 
 
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression Wikipedia: dynamic range compression]
 
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression Wikipedia: dynamic range compression]
 
* [http://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=em-uploademail&v=0RAzXYBg6q0 Pete Thorn explains compression]
 
* [http://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=em-uploademail&v=0RAzXYBg6q0 Pete Thorn explains compression]
Line 328: Line 478:
 
* [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/how-about-we-pool-knowledge-and-understand-the-compressor-block-options-better.150711 Forum thread with tips]
 
* [https://forum.fractalaudio.com/threads/how-about-we-pool-knowledge-and-understand-the-compressor-block-options-better.150711 Forum thread with tips]
 
* [https://www.izotope.com/en/learn/4-types-of-analog-compression-and-why-they-matter-in-a-digital-world.html 4 Types of Analog Compression]
 
* [https://www.izotope.com/en/learn/4-types-of-analog-compression-and-why-they-matter-in-a-digital-world.html 4 Types of Analog Compression]
* [http://www.musictech.net/2014/05/altec-436/ About the Altec Lansing 436C compressor]
 
 
* [https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/compression-what-do-all-those-knobs-do Sound On Sound: What Do All These Knobs Do?]
 
* [https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/compression-what-do-all-those-knobs-do Sound On Sound: What Do All These Knobs Do?]
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtjNG--Bu6w 3 Compression Styles Explained For Guitar, by Leon Todd]
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yi0J9JsRdI4&t=1s How To Use Compression - Detailed Tutorial - In The Mix]
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUd4U87EcDo Are You Using the Wrong Compressor? Compression Masterclass - In The Mix]
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=Videos=
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[[video:Rosh-Compressor]]
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[[video:Leon-Compress]]
  
 
[[category:Axe-Fx2]]
 
[[category:Axe-Fx2]]

Latest revision as of 13:54, 27 March 2024

Available on which products

  • Axe-Fx III: 4 blocks
  • FM3, FM9: 2 blocks
  • Axe-Fx II, FX8: 2 blocks
  • AX8: 1 block

Channels or X/Y

  • Axe-Fx III, FM3, FM9: 4 channels
  • Axe-Fx II, FX8, AX8: X/Y

There's no MIDI CC available for X/Y switching on the Axe-Fx II XL/XL+.

Compressor block diagram

Compressor block.PNG

Compressor types

Analog Compressor 
Natural soft-knee response, capturing the vibe of the classic compressors of the 70s and 80s.
Analog Sustainer 
The same with upwards compression.

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[1] Upwards compressors INCREASE gain. Downwards compressors DECREASE gain.

[2] A sustainer is an upwards compressor. It increases gain when the signal is below the threshold. Therefore it will increase noise. You may want to use a gate to kill the noise.

Compander 
The Transients control adjusts the transient modification. Values less than zero soften the attack, value greater than zero emphasize the attack.

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[3] A Compander is a compressor followed by an expander. If the time constant of the compressor and expander are the same (and the "channel" is perfect, i.e. linear and lossless) then a Compander is transparent. If you change the time constant of one vs. the other the transients will become distorted. The "Transients" knob controls the time constant mismatch. Negative values smooth the transients, positive values enhance the transients. A Compander with transient enhancement can be used on kick drums, bass, etc. to add punch. Transient reduction can be used to reduce plosives. For guitar you can use the Compander to add or remove pick attack.

[4] The first step in adding compansion to the delay block was creating a compander algorithm. So I created a Compander type first in the Compressor block. Once that was working I used that algorithm in the Delay block. The Compander allows you to set the Ratio, Time, Transients and Level. Turn Transients down and the attack is reduced, turn it up and the attack is enhanced. You can use it with kick drum to enhance the punch, put it on vocals to reduce plosives, etc.

DynamiComp 
Pedal-style compressor with a faster attack behavior, based on MXR’s classic M-102 Dyna Comp pedal.

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[5] The attack time in our reference pedal is measured as 3.6ms. The attack time is dynamic. The greater the output of the compression circuit the faster the attack time.

[6] The attack time is actually dynamic and a function of the input level. Our algorithm models this. The default value is 3.6ms and is the maximum attack time. The higher the input level, the lower the attack time.

[7] The Dynamicomp type is based on a Dynacomp.

[8] Our model is based on the original ones that used the CA3080A. New ones use an LM13700.

Dynamics Processor 
Allows compression or expansion with a single control. When set to negative values, the block compresses the signal. When set to positive values, the block expands the signal. This is also available in the Amp block.
JFET Compressor 
Field Effect Transistor-based compression, emulating tube compressors. The most famous FET compressor is the Urei 1176.
JFET Sustainer 
Based on a rare JFET-based pedal compressor where the JFET is in the op-amp’s feedback network.
Optical Compressor 
Based on classic optical tube compressors, famous for their smooth sound. Includes ballistics and inherent soft knee for vintage optical compression sounds. Use it before the Amp block to smooth out your licks and increase sustain, or use it after the Amp block for an instant “Hit Record” sound.
Optical Sustainer 
based on optocoupler-based pedal compressors.

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[9] Optical 1 uses a full-wave rectifier as a detector (peak detector). Optical 2 uses a true RMS detector. The LA-2A and many other compressors use rectifiers as detectors because it's easy and simple. Technically true-RMS detectors are "better" but they are difficult to implement in analog hardware. Whether or not true-RMS is better in actual real-world applications is debatable. There are those that claim that true-RMS detectors more closely replicate the natural compression behavior of the human auditory system. Peak detectors respond more rapidly to transients while RMS detectors have a smoother behavior. The only way to know which you like better is to try them.

[10] It's not an "LA-2A" but it can sound like one. It's a generic optical compressor that can be adjusted to sound like a variety of compressors. It has adjustable attack, release and compression.

[11] The LA-2A, CL1B, et. al. are high-end studio compressors that use optical circuits.

Pedal Compressor 1 and 2 
Pedal 2 uses a different algorithm which is smoother and pumps less than Pedal 1. CPU usage by both types is much less than the Studio types.
Tube Compressor 
Based on classic tube compressors like the Altec Lansing 436C. Since this type uses “variable mu” processing it may add subtle, and possibly desirable, distortion to the audio.
Studio Compressor types 
Studio FF Compressor yields smooth release and “fat” compression, suitable for a wide range of uses including bus and mastering. Studio FF Sustainer is similar to Studio FF Compressor except that it is an “upwards compressor” as opposed to a downwards compressor. Studio FB Compressor and Sustainer is a feedback compressor types with downwards and upwards compression respectively. As these are feedback compressors, they yield a different sound than a feedforward compressor commonly referred to as “fat” with smoother dynamics. Note that nature of feedback compressors can result in distortion at extreme control settings (fast attack/release, high ratio, etc.). It is therefore recommended to set Auto Att/Rel to ON in these instances.

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[12] The Studio FB Compressor might be my new favorite.

[13] The Studio Compressor is really nice now. I compared it to my favorite hardware unit (dbx 266XL) and the Studio Compressor sounds and measures better (less distortion at low attack/release times).

[14] The compressors are great. If you are typically using pedal compressors like the Keeley then you want to be using the "Dynamicomp" type. The other types are studio compressors and won't sound/feel like what you are used to.

There is more information in the Owner's Manuals.

Comp1.jpeg

Comp2.jpg

Position of the Compressor block on the grid

In traditional guitar rigs the compressor pedal goes between guitar and amp.

Putting the Compressor block after the Amp block makes it interfere less with the amp dynamics. When doing this, set its input to Line instead of Instrument.

Parameters

The parameters are explained in the Owner's Manual.


Comp=mother.jpeg

Input Level

When set to INSTRUMENT the detector is optimized for guitar-level signals, i.e., before an amp block. When set to LINE the detector is optimized for post-amp level signals.

Threshold

In firmware Ares and later, a Threshold parameter has been added to all types. In existing presets containing a Compressor type that didn’t have a Threshold yet, the value is set to -60dB, adjust if necessary.

In firmware 17.01 and later, the Threshold parameter has been removed from the Pedal 1, Pedal 2, Dynamicomp and JFET compressor types.

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


The Threshold is the input level at which the output starts to compress as given by Ratio control.

[15] If defaults to all the way down on old patches so that it doesn't change the sound of them.

-60 dB is so low as to ensure that the signal will compress even on the most quiet playing -- assuming Compression is higher than 0 or Ratio is higher than 1:1.

Level

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


Levels can be and are frequently above 0. Any compressor that has a max level of zero is not calibrated in dBu.

[16] The output level is irrelevant. It's just a number.

[17] This is the right way to set the compressor output level:

  1. Bypass everything but the compressor block.
  2. Dial in the desired threshold and ratio.
  3. Alternate between bypassing and engaging the block while strumming hard. Adjust the output level until the volume is the same.

Attack/Release

Attack 
 The time it takes to go from silence to maximum level.
Decay 
 The time it takes to drop from maximum level to the sustain level or silence.
Sustain 
 The volume of a note while holding it.
Release 
 The time it takes to drop from sustain level to silence after being released.

Auto Attack/Release varies with program material as a percentage of the set values. It adds CPU usage. It's not available for all types.

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[18] Compressors distort. The shorter the attack and release times the more distortion. This is because a compressor works by doing y = x * g where g is the gain. As the attack and release times approach zero g approaches k * |x| so you end up with y = x * k * |x| which is obviously very nonlinear.

Compression is, by definition, nonlinear because it is not time invariant. The audibility of the distortion is a function of human auditory perception and the attack and release parameters. The shorter the attack and release the more we perceive the distortion.

[19] You shouldn't use a combination of low Attack Time and low Release Time. If one is low the other should be high. Otherwise the detector will not filter enough. This is the nature of compressors. We allow you to use low times but you should be aware that it can cause distortion. Very low attack times will result in detector chatter. This is the nature of detector circuits.

[20] I recommend turning Auto Att/Rel on. The Attack and Release controls still work but it uses some fancy math to vary the attack and release times as a function of data statistics. The only downside is that it adds a little CPU hit.

[21] The types with no Auto Makeup switch have inherent makeup gain in the algorithm. It's not something you can turn off now. If you've ever used a Dynacomp you'll notice the volume does not decrease when you increase the compression.

[22] Pedal compressors typically have very long release times so the time is scaled by 10 for pedal mode. The time in studio mode is accurate to within a microsecond.

[23] The times are the classic "time constants" for analog circuits, i.e. the time it takes for a signal to settle to 37% of it's final value (e^-1).

Mix

Compressors are used mostly as a 100% wet effect. But there are a few compressors with Blend or Mix controls. Use the Mix parameter in the model.

Sidechain Select

You can use the signal that enters the grid to feed the compressor, even if the compressor block is placed further upon the grid, through the Sidechain Select parameter.

Sidechain High Cut

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[24] You can use the Compressor block as a "Clarity" control. Set the sidechain high-cut to around 200 Hz. Now low notes will get compressed more than high notes. This will make the lows clearer when digging in. This is like a variable high-pass filter that gets more intense the harder you play. When you play lightly the compressor will do nothing. As you play harder low frequencies will have less gain than high frequencies.

For a more intense effect use the filter section of the sidechain. Set the type to lowpass and adjust the frequency to taste.

Emphasis

This boosts the high frequencies prior to compression and then lowers them after.

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[25] There is pre/de-emphasis on the compressor. That will change the compression character of the attack a bit. To simulate this use the Emphasis control or the filter parameters in the Sidechain page.

Filter

Filter is a low-cut filter which can be used to tailor the response of the various compressor types to different material.

In firmware Ares and later, the Filter parameter has been replaced with EQ-ing tools.

Lookahead

The default Lookahead value is 0.

Note that setting Lookahead to a non-zero value, will add latency to the processing.

Auto Makeup Gain

The Pedal, Optical, Tube, Analog, JFET and Dynamicomp compressor types can apply automatic makeup gain (firmware 18 and later for the Axe-Fx III).

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[26] The only thing auto-gain does is attempt to keep the output level the same as the ratio and/or threshold is changed. It has to make assumptions about the incoming level which is just a guess since every guitar is different.

The threshold of the Axe-Fx III differs from the Axe-Fx II by about 20 dB so if you are copying presets from the II you need to change your threshold accordingly.

[27] Auto Makeup assumes a certain input level, in this case a typical humbucker guitar.

The idea is that once you set it you don't have to adjust it as much as you would if you didn't have it. For example, the makeup gain can run anywhere from 0 to 30 dB depending on the settings. With Auto Makeup on you typically don't need to adjust more than +/- a few dB.

[28] It can't be turned off because it's inherent in the algorithm. Think about the classic Dynacomp. It doesn't calculate the makeup gain, it happens automatically due to the nature of the circuit. The algorithms replicate the behavior of the circuits.

[…] You turn up the compression as desired. Play a bit. Bypass the block. Now engage it. If you need a bit more output level turn the level up and vice-versa. For those types where it is possible to turn off makeup gain a switch IS provided.

Fast RMS detector

The “Fast RMS” Detector type in the Studio Comp mimics the fast detectors in classic rack-mount compressors. It uses less CPU than the other detectors.

In the Ares firmware and later, there's only RMS, which is the same as Fast RMS in the AX8, FX8 and Axe-Fx II.

Tips, tricks and troubleshooting

Factory presets

The Compressor block is showcased in many factory presets. Search the Factory presets page for compres*.

Compressor block versus Amp block compression

The Amp block has built-in compression tools:

Dynamics 
Preamp compression, the same as the Compressor block's Dynamics mode.
Output Comp 
Output compression, great to beef up clean tones.

Both types increase CPU usage.

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[29] The Dynamics knob in the Amp block does the same thing as the Dynamics mode of the compressors so you can save a block that way.

[30] The Output Compressor is a simplified version of the compressor block.

Pick attack

To manipulate pick attack using the Compressor:

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[31] Downward Expander. Set Release Time and Hold Time to minimum. Detector to Peak. Adjust Attack Time, Ratio, etc. to taste.

Latency compensation

If you're using multiple audio routings and need to align them, preventing timing differences (latency), you can use the Compressor block. Use the Dynamics type, set to a low ratio, adjust the Lookahead parameter.

See Wish Latency / Time Alignment block in the forum for more information.

Pre and post compression

For maximum control over dynamics and loudness, use two Compressor blocks. One at the start and one at the end. As demonstrated in some Factory presets, search for pre- and post-compression.

Limiting

There's no dedicated brickwall limiter in the unit, but the compressor can be used as such.

From the Owner's manual:

Setting the RATIO to “INFINITY” turns the compressor into a “limiter,” reducing any level above the threshold to the threshold, applying a sort of “ceiling” or “brick-wall limiting” above which nothing can rise.

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[32] The compressor block is expressly designed to also be used as a limiter. Set the ratio to maximum and detector type to peak.

80's clean compression

For that ultra-compressed '80s clean guitar tone, check this factory preset: CLEAN POP RHYTHM

Compressor as a clean boost

A compressor can be used as a clean boost. Keep compression low and set its output level as desired.

Pump compression

From the Owners Manual:


Pumping is an effect that occurs when a sudden strong peak causes a compressor to reduce levels such that the entire signal audibly dips and then returns. The event that triggers pumping might be brief, and can be in any part of the frequency spectrum. To reduce pumping caused by low or high end spikes, you can use sidechain filtering to make the compressor less sensitive to such peaks. Very fast and very slow release times tend to make a compressor seem more resistant to pumping, but can bring issues of their own. Another possibility is to switch to a multiband compressor, which handles lows, mids and highs individually. Now, it cannot go without saying that pumping can also be used as an effect in itself, as when a kick drum is set up as a sidechain source to give electric guitars a bouncing sound common in dance and industrial music.

De-essing

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[33] De-essing can be done by adjusting the side-chain EQ in the compressor block.

Cascading compressors

An old studio trick is to cascade two compressors in series, especially for slide guitar, reportedly used by Lowell George, Bonnie Raitt, and others.

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[34] Cascading compressors has been used in studios for decades. An 1176 into an LA-2A is a popular combo. The FMR Audio put this into a single package with their RNC (Really Nice Compressor) compressor which has two compressors in series. The "SuperNice" switch engaged a third stage.

OTHER QUOTES


Austin Buddy described how to get Lowell George's sound:

To try this, use two Studio FB 1 compressor block in series. Set each one of them to a 4:1 ratio, you can set the first one in series higher if you want. Then set the knee to high or medium high and make sure the threshold is set on the first one in the series to SQUASH the signal by at least 6db+ of compression, if not more. Raise the level a few db to hit the second one, then set the level out of that one to hit the amp.

Use a very fast attack, try 0.283 ms attack (actual 1176 attack) and 75 ms release on each. Play with it until you get the sound you like. Lowell used a Tele bridge pickup put into his Strat, but you can use the squawk position or middle pick up on Strat if you like.

It will be noisy when you aren't playing. Make sure to adjust the noise gate in INPUT 1 to be low, else it will cut off your sustain.

Solo Dallas Schaffer Replica

To emulate the compression from the Schaffer Replica, use two compressors, and/or compression in the Amp block, as explained in the threads below, or look at the HELL GLOCKENSPIELS factory preset.

For more information see:

Keeley Compressor

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[35] I use "Analog Compressor" for Keeley sounds. It works great! Because I play vintage output guitars, I like to boost the level going in by adjusting the output of the input block before it. You can try "Auto Att/Rel", or use the published "classic" Keeley recipes*. Personally, however, I prefer a faster release, in the neighborhood of 75ms or less.

  • Attack Time: typically 15ms for 10dB, 5ms for 20dB, 3ms for 30dB
  • Release Time: 80ms for 10dB, 160ms for 20dB, 240ms for 30dB

Ross Compressor

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[36] I don't hear anything the Dynamicomp model isn't capable of (except for the noise). Turn off Auto Att/Rel. Set the Attack to min, Release somewhat high, Compression as desired and Bob's your uncle.

[37] The key is to use a feedback compressor. So that would be any of the pedal compressors and the Dynamicomp or the Studio FB Compressors. Then either set the threshold all the way down or all the way up if it's an upward compressor (Studio FB Compressor 2 IIRC). Set Attack Time to min, Release Time fairly long. Make sure detector type is peak and Auto Att/Rel is off.

Boss Compressor/Sustainer

FRACTAL AUDIO QUOTES


[38] The PEDAL 1 type in the AX8 is comparable to the CS1/2/3. The COMPression knob is equivalent to the SUSTAIN knob on the Boss pedal. Release is not sustain. Leave it at the default setting. When using this effect, I like to increase level before the compressor. One way to do this is to increase the output level of the noise gate on the input block.

More information about compression

For more information see:

Videos